Yes, a friend informed me of this new conditional permission for location tracking on his Android 10 phone.
I don't know of a way of programmically detecting if the user selected "All the time" or "Just when app in use" when they answered the location permission pop-up for your app. But maybe this workaround might work for you...
When your app first asks for permission and the user gives it, record that fact.
Then before your app tries to capture a location in the background, do a permission check again and if it comes back denied this time (but they did approve it the first time your app ran above), then I think it would be safe to assume the user chose "Allow Location only when app is in use" when they first granted permission.