Android Tutorial [B4X] "Code Smells" - common mistakes and other tips

"Code smells" are common patterns that can indicate that there is a problem in the code. A problem doesn't mean that the code doesn't work, it might be that it will be difficult to maintain it or that there are more elegant ways to implement the same thing.
Remember that not everything is clear cut and there are exceptions for any rule.

I will update this list whenever I encounter such smell

1. Initializing an object and then assigning a different object to the same variable:
   
   'bad
   Dim List1 As List
   List1.Initialize '<-- a new list was created here
   List1 = SomeOtherList '<--- previous list was replaced
   
   'good
   Dim List1 As List = SomeOtherList
2. Deprecated methods - DoEvents, Msgbox: https://www.b4x.com/android/forum/t...cated-and-async-dialogs-msgbox.79578/#content
3. Deprecated methods - Map.GetKeyAt / GetValueAt - these methods were added before the For Each loop was available. They are not cross platform and are not the correct way to work with maps.
   
   
   'bad
   For i = 0 To Map1.Size - 1
   Dim key As String = Map1.GetKeyAt(i)
   Dim value As String = Map1.GetValueAt(i)
   Next
   
   'good
   For Each key As String In Map1.Keys
   Dim value As String = Map1.Get(key)
   Next
4. File.DirDefaultExternal - This is always a mistake. In most cases the correct folder should be XUI.DefaultFolder (=File.DirInternal). If you do need to use the external storage then use RuntimePermissions.GetSafeDirDefaultExternal.
   File.DirRootExternal - It will soon become inaccessible directly. If really needed then use ContentChooser or ExternalStorage.
5. Not using parameterized queries:
   
   'very bad
   SQL.ExecNonQuery("INSERT INTO table1 VALUES ('" & EditText1.Text & "'") 'ugly, will break if there is an apostrophe in the text and vulnerable to SQL injections.
   
   'very good
   SQL.ExecNonQuery2("INSERT INTO table1 VALUES (?)", Array(EditText1.Text))
6. Using Cursor instead of ResultSet - Cursor is a B4A only object. ResultSet is a bit simpler to use and is cross platform.
   
   'good
   Dim rs As ResultSet = SQL.ExecQuery2(...)
   Do While rs.NextRow
   ...
   Loop
   rs.Close
7. Building the complete layout programmatically. This is especially a mistake in B4J and B4i because of the resize event and also if you want to build a cross platform solution. Layouts can be ported very easily.
8. Repeating the code. There are many patterns to this one and all of them are bad.
   
   'bad
   If b = False Then
   Button1.Text = "disabled"
   Button2.Text = "disabled"
   Button3.Text = "disabled"
   Button1.Enabled = False
   Button2.Enabled = False
   Button3.Enabled = False
   Else
   Button1.Text = "enabled"
   Button2.Text = "enabled"
   Button3.Text = "enabled"
   Button1.Enabled = True
   Button2.Enabled = True
   Button3.Enabled = True
   End If
   'good
   For Each btn As Button In Array(Button1, Button2, Button3)
   btn.Enabled = b
   If b Then btn.Text = "enabled" Else btn.Text = "disable"
   Next
9. Long strings without using smart strings:
   
   'bad
   Dim s As String = "This is the " & QUOTE & "first" & QUOTE & "line" & CRLF & _
   "and this is the second one. The time is " & DateTime.Time(DateTime.Now) & "."
   
   'good
   Dim s As String = $"This is the "first" line
   and this is the second one. The time is $Time{DateTime.Now}."$
   More information: https://www.b4x.com/android/forum/threads/50135/#content
10. Using global variables when not needed:
    
    'bad
    Job.Initialize(Me, "") 'global variable
    ...
    
    'good
    Dim job As HttpJob
    job.Initialize(Me, "")
11. Not using Wait For when possible. JobDone is a good example: [B4X] OkHttpUtils2 with Wait For
12. Using code modules instead of classes. Code modules are very limited in B4A. In most cases you should use classes instead of code modules. A code module is a single instance of a class.
13. Understanding booleans.
    
    'not elegant
    Dim result As Boolean = DoingSomethingThatReturnTrueOrFalse
    If result = True Then
    Return True
    Else
    Return False
    End If
    
    ' elegant
    Return DoingSomethingThatReturnTrueOrFalse
14. Converting "random" bytes to strings. The only valid raw bytes that should be converted to a string, with BytesToString, are bytes that represent text. In all other cases it is a mistake to convert to string. Even if it seems to work it will later fail in other cases.
    If you think that it is more complicated to work with raw bytes then you are not familiar with the useful B4XBytesBuilder object: https://www.b4x.com/android/forum/threads/b4x-b4xcollections-more-collections.101071/#content
15. Generating or parsing XML / JSON by hand. These formats are far from being trivial and with all kinds of edge cases that no one remembers.
    
    'bad
    Dim s As String = "{""version"":""" & Version & """,""colors"":[""red"",""green"",""blue""]}"
    
    'good
    Dim jg As JSONGenerator
    jg.Initialize(CreateMap("colors": Array("red", "green", "blue"), "version": Version))
    Log(jg.ToPrettyString(4))
16. Assuming that Maps preserve order. (Hash)Maps, unlike Lists or arrays, in the general case do not preserve order. It is inherent to the way hash maps work and true in all programming languages. There are some exceptions in B4X which are:
    - B4A and B4J regular maps do preserve order.
    - B4XOrderedMap from B4XCollections is built as a List + Map and it preserves order. It actually allows sorting the keys, which can be useful in some cases.
    A common case of confusion is JSON object(=Map) parsing and generation. The JSON specs specifically "does not assign any significance to the ordering of name/value pairs".

Related thread: https://www.b4x.com/android/forum/threads/b4x-features-that-erel-recommends-to-avoid.133280/
That's it for now.

 

[Erel]

You can use this code to parse JSON string in B4R: JSON Parsing
These formats are not ideal for a 2k microcontroller with a very primitive memory allocator.

 

[Erel]

New:

File.DirDefaultExternal - This is always a mistake. In most cases the correct folder should be XUI.DefaultFolder (=File.DirInternal). If you do need to use the external storage then use RuntimePermissions.GetSafeDirDefaultExternal.
File.DirRootExternal - It will soon become inaccessible directly. If really needed then use ContentChooser or ExternalStorage.

 

[Erel]

New point #16: assuming that Maps preserve order.

Thanks @Sandman !

 

[Erel]

BTW, the reason that B4A / B4J regular maps do preserve order is that they were implemented before the For Each iterator was implemented and it was required for the GetKeyAt / GetValueIt methods. There is a small overhead for this.